Kuzigama ni kimwe mu bintu byibanze bikorwa kugira ngo umuntu agere kw’iterambere yifuza, kuzigama biragoboka, bikarinda umuntu kujya kuguza n’ingaruka zabyo. Kuzigama bituma umuntu ahabwa inguzanyo bitamuruhije muri Bank, mu mashyirahamwe yo kugurizanya, mu matsinda, cyangwa mu bimina. Kuzigama n’inkingi ikomeye mw’iterambere. Ninayo mpamvu hashyizweho umunsi mpuzamahanga wo kwizigama wizihizwa ku itariki ya 31 Ukwakira buri mwaka. Mu Rwanda watangiye kwizihizwa mu 2011.

Umuco wo kuzigama n’imwe mu ngingo ikomeye yagiweho impaka, igarukwaho mu nama zitandukanye z’Umushyikirano zatangiye mu mwaka 2003, ziba isoko y’umusemburo w’iterambere mu Rwanda. 

- Mu nama ya 8 y’Umushyikirano mu 2010 hatanzwemo ikiganiro ku kuzigama, hafatwa n’umwanzuro ko abari mu bimina bashishikarizwa kuyoboka Umurenge SACCO.

- Mu nama ya 10 y’ Umushyikirano mu 2012, hashimangiwe uburyo bwo kuzigama hagamijwe kwigira, iyo nama kandi yashyigikiye ko  Abanyarwanda bakorera mu bihugu by’amahanga bifuza kujya batanga imisanzu yabo y’ubwiteganyirize bw’izabukuru mu Rwanda bakoroherezwa.

- Mu nama ya 13 y’Umushyikirano 2015, hasabwe ko Abanyarwanda bashishikarizwa kuzigama no guteganyiriza iza bukuru.

- Mu nama ya 16 y’Umushyikirano 2018 hasabwe kwihutisha ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda y’igihugu yo kwizigamira y’igihe kirekire “Ejo Heza”no gukangurira abanyarwanda b’ingeri zose kuyitabira.

Mu Rwanda hari abantu benshi bifuza kuzigama baba abakozi ba leta cyangwa abikorera ariko bakagorwa nuko ubushobozi bwo kubona amafaranga yo kuzigama ari buke kuko bahembwa make, abandi nta kazi bafite, abandi bakagira inshingano nyinshi zituma batabasha kuzigama. Kubona icyo azigama ni rwo rugamba abantu benshi barwana narwo. Abahanga mu by’ubukungu bemeza ko amafaranga yose umuntu yinjiza uko angana kwose, ashobora kuyabikaho akazamufasha mu gihe kiri imbere.   Ese hakorwa iki? hahindurwa iki? Umuco wo kuzigama waba warihishe Abanyarwanda?

Ibihe tugezemo biratwereka ko umuco wo kuzigama ugomba gukomezwa, ukigishwa, ukitabwaho ku buryo byumwihariko niba Abanyarwanda bareba imbere hazaza bakifuza kandi no kugera kw’iteramambere rirambye.

Kuzigama birarushya, biravuna kuko bisaba kwigomwa no kwizirika akaba ari nayo mpamvu hari bamwe batabikozwa. Mu muco w’Abanyarwanda dufite imigani ikangurira abantu kuzigama. Urugero: Akabando k’iminsi ugaca hakibona; Igiti uzacana ugitera kare; Igiti kigororwa kikiri gito; Ushaka inka aryama nkazo. Ariko kandi biragaragara ko hari n’indi migani myinshi ica intege umuco wo kuzigama ndetse ikerekana ko ejo hazaza ku munyarwanda hafunze cyangwa hacyinze kandi hatamureba. Urugero: Iby’ejo bibara ab’ejo; Ubika ubusa bukimara; Impamba itazakugeza i Kigali uyirira ku Ruyenzi, Imbitsi ya cyane ibikira mukeba, Amavuta y’umugabo ni amuraye ku mubiri; Utazi akaraye i Fumbwe araza ifu… Hari n’amazina amwe Abanyarwanda bita abana babo abyerekana. Urugero: Bucyanayandi; Mbarubukeye; Mbonabucya; Bukendamuke, Bikorimana, Bizimana, Mbonabiza, Harerimana, Habyarimana, Itangishaka, Sinzibiramuka…

Izi ngero zose zekerekana ko umuco wo kuzigama uruhije ku munyarwanda bikanagaragarira no ku mibare y’Abanyarwanda bazigama ikiri hasi. Ku itariki ya 23 Gicurasi 2018, mu nama mpuzamahanga yaganiraga ku kamaro k’amatsinda yo kuzigama, Dr Monique Nsanzabaganwa, Guverineri wungirije wa banki nkuru y’igihugu yavuze ko umuco wo kuzigama ukiri hasi kuko ubu uri 13.8%. Birasaba rero imbaraga n’ingamba nyinshi zihamye kugira ngo abantu bumve akamaro ko kuzigama. Minisitiri Claver Gatete nawe yemeza ko kugirango ubukungu bw’igihugu bukomeze gutera imbere ku buryo bushimishije abantu bagomba kugira umuco wo kuzigama. Akongeraho ko ntaw’ukwiye kugira urwitwazo rwo kutabona amafaranga yo kuzigama kuko buri wese ku kigero cye yazigama dore ko hari byinshi abantu batakarizamo amafaranga kandi yari kubagirira akamaro.

Minisitiri w’Imari n’Igenamigambi Dr. Uzziel Ndagijimana nawe yemeza ko kuzigama bishobora kugeza Abanyarwanda ku gaciro kabo no kwihaza akongeraho ko kugira umuco wo kuzigama aribwo buryo bwonyine bwizewe bwatuma Abanyarwanda bategura ahazaza habo heza, ah’imiryango yabo, kandi bikagira uruhare mu kugeza ku iterambere ry’ubukungu burambye igihugu kifuza. Hagomba rero kujyaho ingamba zo gukangurira abantu kuzigama amafaranga no gushyiraho ibigo by’imari byihariye bikangurira abaturage umuco wo kuzigama. Dr Donald Kaberuka we yongeraho ko ubwizigame bw’igihe kirekire aribwo butuma umuntu ku giti cye n’igihugu batera imbere.

Uretse imbogamizi zishingiye ku muco zituma kuzigama bidashinga imizi, bigatuma umunyarwanda yifata, agatinya kuzigama, hari n’izindi zishingiye k’ubwoba, Abanyarwanda bamwe bibuka mu mitwe yabo ibimina cyangwa ama koperative yo kuzigama yagiye abambura, akarigisa amafaranga bari barizigamiye bigatuma bamwe bacika intege zo kwongera kuzigama.

Abanyarwanda bamaze kumenya akamaro ko kuzigama bagomba gutera indi ntambwe imbere mu myumvire yo kongera ubwizigame buganisha mu gushora imari. Kuzigama nyuma ugashora ubwizigame mu cyindi kintu kibyara andi mafaranga. Akenshi Umunyarwanda ubonye amafaranga ikintu cyambere atekereza n’ukuyaguramo itungo cyangwa ubutaka. Ubwo butaka cyangwa iryo tungo ntibigomba kugumiraho nta musaruro bitanga, bigomba gukoreshwa mu buryo bibyara iyindi nyungu yisumbuye.

Kugirango gahunda yo kuzigama ishoboke, bizaterwa mbere na mbere n'Abanyarwanda ubwabo bagomba guhindura imyumvire yabo bagashyiramo  ingufu, imbaraga n'ubushobozi bwite bagashimangira umuco wo kuzigamira ejo hazaza. Ibihugu byateye imbere, ibyinshi n’ibifite umubare munini w’abaturage bazigama mu bigo by’imari bigatuma ubukungu bwabyo buzamuka mu buryo bw’ihuse. Hakorwa iki?

- Gutegura imfashanyigisho inoze ku kwizigama igomba kwigishwa mu mashuri mato n’amakuru.

- Ibigo by'imari na banki bigomba gusanga abaturage aho batuye, bikabakangurira umuco wo kuzigama.

- Gukomeza kurwanya no guhana abanyereza cyangwa bakoresha nabi ubwizigame bw’abaturage muri za banki, za koperative no mu bimina.

- Gufasha urubyiruko kubona cyangwa guhanga akazi gatuma rubona icyo kwizigama hakiri kare. Abafite akazi bose bagakangurirwa kugira icyo bazigama.

- Gushyigikira gahunda yi “Igiceri Program”. Igiceri cy’i 100 gishobora gusuzugurwa na bamwe ariko gishobora kuba imbarutso y’iterambere rirambye.

- Ubushakashatsi, ubukangurambaga n’amahugurwa ahoraho yo kwigisha kuzigama no kunoza umurimo kuko ariho hari ipfundo ry’iterambere ku gihugu.

Gahunda y'ubwizigame bw "Ejo Heza Hacu" ni inzira ishobora gufasha umuntu uwo ari we wese muzabukuru no kubaho neza mu muryango atandavura. N'imwe muri gahunda z'igihe kirekire ziha buri munyarwanda uburyo bwo kwizigamira bworoshye buzamugirira akamaro mu mikoro ye ukwangana kwose.

Ibindi wa kwisomera:

1. Nzakamarwaniki Mathias, Microfinance institutions and poverty reduction in Rwanda, Ibyiringiro saving and credit cooperative EAR Shyogwe, PIASS, 2016.

2. Ingamba z’igihugu zo kurwanya ubukene, 2003, <https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/5934/3188.pdf>, April 2020.

3. Ingengo y’Imari y’u Rwanda, Agatabo gafasha umuturage gusobanukirwa n’ingengo y’imari y’umwaka wa 2011-2012,<http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/documents/LG_DIstricts/Budget_Citizens_Guide/2011-2012/2011-12_Budget_Citizen_Guide_in_Kinyarwanda.pdf>, April 2020.

4. Entreprises africaines et blocages culturels, <http://www.agadez-niger.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=3932>, April 2020.

5. Donald Kaberuka, Rwanda Vision 2020, <https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/5071/4164.pdf?sequence=1>, April 2020.

6. Emmanuel Hakizimfura &Douglas Randall, Decentralized Delivery of Financial Education, Finance, Competitiveness, and Innovation Global Practice July 2018.

7. REB, Competence-based curriculum, Curriculum framework pre-primary to upper secondary, 2015, <file:///C:/Users/pc/Downloads/Competence%20Based%20Currilum.pdf>, May 2020.

8. Umushyikirano,  <http://www.rgb.rw/fileadmin/Key_documents/HGS/UMUSHYIKIRANO.pdf>, May 2020.

9. Politiki y’Igihugu y’Urubyiruko, 2015, <http://www.myculture.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Politiki_y_Igihugu_y_Urubyiruko.pdf>, May 2020.

10. Politiki y'Amakoperative, Rwanda Cooperative Agency, www.rca.gov.rw