Imyaka hafi 30 igiye gushira, U Rwanda rwibuka kandi rwubaka inzibutso hose mu gihugu. Ibi byafashije Abanyarwanda bavutse nyuma ndetse n’abanyamahanga kumenya amateka mabi ya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Kwibuka byahaye Abanyarwanda imbaraga zo guhangana n’ayo mateka mabi ndetse no kwirinda kuyasubiramwo.

Amateka nubwo yaba asharira, amurikira abantu, akamurikira ibihe byabo by’imbere bakabasha kubyinjiramo no kubibamo neza. Amateka ni ingenzi, agomba kwigishwa, abantu bakayasobanukirwa. Iyo atigishijwe neza, iyo atavuzwe uko ari, abazaza bandi b’imbere ntabwo bagira amahoro. Abahanga benshi mu by’ubuvuzi bwo mu mutwe, n’uburezi bemeza ko kumenya amateka y’umuntu, y’umuryango, y’igihugu cyawe, amateka y’ibyabaye, byubaka imibanire y’abantu iyo ari yo yose. Ntiwatandukanya ikiremwa muntu n’amateka yacyo.

Mu Rwanda, abifuza bose kubaka amahoro arambye bagomba gukomeza ukuri kw’amateka y’igihugu cyacu no gukomeza kunoza gahunda yo kwibuka. Dr Ngirente Edouard, avuga ko ukuri kw’amateka ari wo musingi urinda kwirara no gucogora ku rugamba rwo kubaka igihugu no kugiteza imbere.

Ni yo mpamvu umunyamateka w’umutaliyani Vincent Cassanova avuga ko abantu bagomba gupfumura amateka (trouer l’histoire) kugira ngo babashe kumenya no kumva neza amateka bayahereye mu muzi. Ibyo bituma bamenya ukuri ku byabaye kandi bakabasha gukomeza kubaho. Aimé Césaire, umwanditsi w’Umufaransa wamenyekanye mu kinyenjana cya 20, ashimangira ko abanyagihugu batagira amateka batabasha kugira imbere hazaza (un peuple sans histoire est un peuple sans avenir) !

2. Kwibuka ni ngombwa

Kuva umuntu yabaho, igihe cyose no mu bihe byose aribuka. Kwibuka ni ngombwa kugira ngo isi n’abantu bakomeze kuyibanamo mu mahoro. Nta kwibuka kuriho ntabwo isi yatera imbere.

Buri muryango wose w’abantu ugira ibyo wibuka. Ugira ibyo witwararika, ukagenda ubyigisha abana bawo, bikaba uruhererekane n'umurage wabo.

Buri gihugu kigira amateka yacyo kibuka, kikagira umuco wacyo, kikagira ubuhanga n'ubumenyi byacyo bizwi kandi byibukwa, kikabyigisha, bikaba umurage wacyo. Bifasha cyane abanyagihugu gukomeza kubaho kandi neza.

Buri muryango muzima w’abantu uhanga ibishya ariko ufite ibyo uheraho, udahuzagurika, ukamenya ikibi n'ikiza, ukagenda wubakira ku biwufitiye akamaro. Ukamenya uko witwara mu bihe urimo n'ibizaza. Iyo umwana akojeje agatoke ke ku muriro, arashya agahora yibuka ko umuriro utwikana. Ntabyibagirwa kuko bimufasha kubaho.

Buri sosiyete igira ibyo ihitamo kwibuka, iteka kandi ifata ibiyifitiye akamaro, biyifasha gusubiza ibibazo igenda ihura na byo. Kwibuka ni ngombwa kuko sosiyete itibuka irazima cyangwa igacika: ntiyashobora kumenya ibiyifitiye akamaro ngo ibigire umurage, kandi yibuke no kwirinda ibishobora kuyigirira nabi.

Mu Rwanda, ibikorwa bijyanye no kwibuka bishingira cyane ku murage w’abasogokuru dukomora mu mateka no mu muco nyarwanda. Hari byinshi bikorwa mu rwego rwo gusubiza inzirakarengane zishwe n’abambuwe agaciro mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, harimo kubibuka no kubashyingura mu cyubahiro. Mu muco nyarwanda, uwawe uramuririra, ukamuherekeza, ukamushyingura mu cyubahiro kimukwiriye.

Kwibuka rero ni ngombwa nubwo bigoye kuko tuba twibuka amateka ababaje ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994. Ni amateka atari meza kuko jenoside yakozwe n’Abanyarwanda, bayikorera abandi Banyarwanda. Ni amateka ateye ubwoba kandi yihariye tugomba kuzabana na yo ibihe byose. Umusirikare w’Umunyakanada, Jenerali Romeo Dallaire yerekana uburemere bw’amateka ya jenoside avuga ko ingaruka z’ibyo yabonye mu Rwanda mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 zageze no ku bwonko bwe, bituma asigara nta bushobozi afite bwo kugira ibyiringiro byo kubaho.

Muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, buri munsi hicwaga abatutsi ibihumbi cumi na mirongo irindwi na bane (10.074); naho buri munota hakicwa abantu igihumbi na mirongo irindwi na bane (1.074). Mu mateka y’abantu ntaho tubona ubwitabire bwo kwica nk’ubwagaragaye mu Rwanda mu 1994, aho abantu barenze miliyoni bishwe mu mezi 3, hakoreshejwe uburyo bubi ndengakamere bwo kwica, burenga 38, harimo nko gufata abantu bakabotsa, gukubita imitwe y‘impinja ku nkuta, guhamba abantu ari bazima, …n’ibindi biteye ubwoba !

Kumenya ukuri ku byabaye mu mateka no kwibuka ni kimwe mu bishobora gufasha gukumira andi mahano yakongera kwitura ku gihugu cyacu. Akenshi, amateka mabi abantu barayahunga, bakayaceceka, bagashaka kuyasiba ariko arakomeza akagaruka mu bitekerezo cyangwa agakomeza kuzenguruka iruhande rw’imitekerereze yabo. Ibyo ntabwo bitanga amahoro cyangwa ngo bizane ubumwe n’ubwiyunge mu bantu.

Abantu iyo bibagiwe cyangwa bagakora gahunda yo gusiba ibyabaye mu mateka, abantu ntibongera kubana nk’abantu. Kwibuka ni uburyo bumwe bwo kurimburana n’imizi ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside, kuko ikigaragara hamwe na hamwe mu mitekerereze n’imigirire ya bamwe mu Banyarwanda ndetse n’abanyamahanga. Ariko kandi, icyizere kirahari cy’uko Abanyarwanda bashobora kongera kubana neza. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Komiyo y’Ubumwe n’Ubwiyunge mu Kwakira 2010, bwerekanye ko abantu benshi bagize uruhare muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, hafi 83% basabye imbabazi, bemera uruhare rwabo, bagaragaza ko bashyigikiye gahunda zose zo kurwanya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside. Ku ruhande rw’abiciwe, hafi 85% bagaragaje ko bagize ubutwari bwo kwiyunga n’ababahekuye nubwo ari amahitamo atoroshye.

Ibindi wa kwisomera

1) Barbara Misztal, Theory of Social Remembering, Open University Press, Philadelphia, USA, 2003.        

2) Muller-Fahrenholz Gieko, The art of forgiveness, WCC Publications, Geneva, 1997                      

3) Paul Ricoeur, Memory, History, Forgetting, <http://books.google.rw/books?isbn=02262713466>;, 23rd September 2013.                                             

4) Tutu Desmond, No Future Without Forgiveness, Ed. Doubleday, Newyork, 1999.                     

5) Nick Sacco, Understanding the differences between memory and history,

<http://pastexplore.wordpress.com/2013/01/12/understanding-the-differences-between-history-and-memory/>, July 2020.                                                                                                      

7) Ijambo rya Dr Jean Damascene Bizimana mu muhango wo kwibuka jenoside yakorewe abatutsi ku nshuro ya 22.                                                                                                                      

8) Ijambo rya Dr Edouard Ngirente mu muhango wo kwibuka muri primature mu 2018, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVH6F2n2lT0>;, April 2022

Inyandiko ya Dr MUNYANSANGA Olivier/umwarimu muri PIASS