Abahanga mu mw’isanzure, ubumenyi bw’isi n’imihindagurikire ry’ikirere bakomeje kuvuga ko ntagaruriro ry’igabanuka ry’ubushyuhe kw’isi, n’ukuvuga ko ubushyuhe ni bukomeza kwiyongera ikiremwa muntu gishobora gucika kw’isi nkuko hari ibindi biremwa byinshi bimaze gucika. Ubwoko 571 by’ibiterwa bimaze gucika kw’isi kuva mu mwaka 1750.  

Guhera mu mwaka wi 1992 mu nama yabereye i Rio de Janeiro mu gihugu cya Brezil, abashakashatsi batangiye kwerekana ibihamya ko imirimo n’ibikorwa by’abantu guhera mu myaka ya 1800 biri gutuma ubushyuhe kw’isi bwiyongera. Uyu munsi buri mwaka abashakashatsi ba IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) berekana ko isi iri kwerekeza habi cyane bikagaragazwa n’imyuzure, imiyaga, n’impunzi nyinshi cyane ziterewa n’ibiza. Banki y’isi ivuga ko mu mwaka 2030 abimurwa n’ibiza baziyongera cyane bikazatuma miliyoni 100 y’abantu kw’isi bazajya mu bukene bukabije.

Muri iyi myaka turimo ubushyuhe bwariyongereye kurusha urugero rusanzweho n’imirasire y’izuba ifite ubukana bukabije.  Urugero rutari kure nuko mu mwaka 2024, igihugu cya Sudani y’Epfo cyo cyageze aho gifunga amashuri kubera ubushyuhe bukabije bwageze kuri 45⁰C, Leta y’icyo gihugu ikaba yarategetse ko abana barindwa kujya bakinira hanze ku manywa.

Mu nama ya COP 29 (Conference of the Parties), yabereye I Baku mu gihugu cy’Azerbaijan m’Ugushyingo 2024, Prezida w’Urwanda Paul Kagame wari muri iyo nama, yibukije ko “ibyagiye bisezeranywa gukorwa mu nama nyinshi zabanje, byagiye bihera mu magambo bidashyizwe mu bikorwa, kandi ntihabeho no kubazwa inshingano. Ibi ntibishobora gukomeza kwihanganirwa.”

Gukoresha inkwi. gutwika amakara, peteroli na gaze n’ibyo biza imbere mw’ihumanya ry’ikirere bikangiza akayunguruzo karinda isi imirasire y’izuba. Kugeza ubu ni byo bigira uruhare runini mw’ ihindagurika ry’ikirere kuko bifite 75% by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere kw’ isi hose. Ubwiyongere bw’imyuka ihumanya ikirere iterwa ahanini kuri ubu n’ubwiyongere bw’inganda ndetse n’ibinyabiziga.

80% by’Abanyarwanda bakoresha ingufu z’amakara mu guteka, muri bo 72% babarizwa mu Mujyi wa Kigali. Bivuze ko igishoboka cyose kigomba gukorwa, Mu Kigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije REMA (Rwanda Environment Management Authority), kirifuza kugabanya ingufu zikomoka ku bicanwa kugera ku kigero cya 50%, hagakoreshwa ingufu zisubiranya nka biogaz n’imirasire y’izuba. Itwikwa ry’amakara ryangiza ibidukikije ku buryo bukabije bitewe n’imyotsi ivamo igahumanya mu buryo bukabije ikirere. Ibi kandi bikorwa mu gihe mu mwaka wi 1987, I Montreal muri Canada hasinywe amasezerano yo kurengera akayunguruzo karinda imirasire y’izuba hagamijwe kurengera isi n’abayituye.

Dr Nkurunziza Emmanuel avuga ko “gutwika imifuka ine y’amakara bishobora kugira ingaruka ku kigereranyo cya toni imwe y’umwuka wa carbone. Ibyo ushobora kubona ari bike ariko amakara atwikirwa hirya no hino mu gihugu kandi ikirere kitagira umupaka.”

Mu Rwanda hashyizweho ingamba:

Muri 2013 hashyizweho ikigega RGF (Rwanda Green Fund) gitera inkunga imishinga yo kubungabunga ibidukikije no guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe.

Muri 2019 Politiki y’ibidukikije yaravuguruwe ihinduka Politiki y’ibidukikije n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe (Environment and Climate change policy) yongerwamo ingingo by’umwihariko zita ku kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ibihe.

Muri 2021 Urwanda rwavuguruye GGCRS (Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy) rugamije kugira Urwanda igihugu giteye imbere kandi gifite ubudahangarwa ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe mu mwaka wa 2050.

Hashingiwe kandi ku myanzuro ya COP29, u Rwanda rutegura buri gihe raporo zigaragaza uko ruhangana n’imyuka yongera ubushyuhe ku isi, ndetse n’uburyo rugirwaho ingaruka ry’imindagurikire y’ibihe.

Niyo mpamvu guverinoma y’Urwanda ikomeje kunoza imicungire y’ibishanga, n’imicungire y’amashyamba ndetse hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga.

Hakomeje kwongerwa ibiti bya gakondo hamwe n’ibiti byihanganira imihindagurikire y’ibihe, ibivangwa n’imyaka, ndetse n’ibiti by’imbuto ziribwa. Umujyi wa Kigali urateganye gutera ibiti miliyoni 3 mu mwaka wa 2025.        Ibiti bifasha kugabanya iyo myuka yangiza ikirere, bifata umwuka wa carbone, bikanafasha mu guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, kandi bigira uruhare rukomeye mu kurwanya isuri.

Muri Gicurasi 2024, Minisiteri y’Ibidukikije yagaragaje ko hakiri icyuho cya miliyari 7,1$ kugira ngo u Rwanda rushobore kwesa umuhigo w’uko nibura mu 2030 rwazaba rwagabanyije 38% by’imyuka yangiza ikirere.

Miliyari 11$ ni yo yasabwaga muri rusange, aho u Rwanda ruzishakamo 40% naho 60% agaturuka mu nkunga. Arimo miliyari 5,3$ agenewe guhangana n’ingaruka ziterwa n’iyangirika ry’ikirere zamaze kubaho, na miliyari 5,7$ agenewe gushyiraho ingamba zikumira iyangirika ry’ikirere. Icyakora Guverinoma y’Urwanda igaragaza ko mu myaka itanu iri imbere hazakusanywa arenga miliyari 3$, azafasha kubaka ubushobozi bwo gushyigikira imishinga n’ibikorwa bigamije guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe mu bice byose by’iterambere ry’ubukungu bw’igihugu.

Umwanditsi: Dr Munyansanga Olivier umwalimu muri PUR (Protestant University of Rwanda)