Iboneka ry’amateka y’ishingwa rya Bibiliya: Inkomoko, iyandikwa, iyandukurwa n’irondakurikizwa (Transmission and Preservation)

Guhishura imizi y’Ibyanditswe Byera (Sacred Scripture)

Inyandiko zera (Sacred texts) ni zo zigira uruhare rukomeye mu kubaka imyemerere.  Abizera b’abakristo bemera Bibiliya nk’igitabo cyuzuye kandi gihuriweho (unified book).

Mu bisekuru bitandukanye, abizera n’abahakanyi bakomeje kwibaza aho Bibiliya yaturutse. Hari abatekereza ko yamanutse mu ijuru uko iri, abandi bagakeka ko yanditswe n’umuntu umwe mu gihe kimwe, cyangwase Imana yaba yarayoboye umuntu umwe mu gihe ari kuyandika. Mu by’ukuri, Bibiliya ni umusaruro w’urugendo rurerure rw’amateka ruyobowe kandi rurinzwe neza.

Iyi nyandiko ni igice cya mbere mu ruhererekane ubwanditsi bwa CBN bwahaye izina ryhariye ry’”Ibyahishwe Abizera”. Uru ruhererekane rw’inyandiko rugamije gusobanura bimwe mu bidasobanurwa neza mu mateka y’amadini atandukanye, harimo Ubukristo (Kiliziya Gatolika, Ubuprotesintanti, Arthodoxes, …), Ubuyahudi, Islamu, Budizime, Induyizime n’andi.  Intego ni ugusobanukirwa neza ibyo twizera neza, n’inkomoko muzi yabyo.

Intangiriro: Ukwizera n’amateka mu murage wa Bibiliya

Abakristo bemera ko Bibiliya yahumetswe n’Imana (inspired Word of God) kandi ifite ububasha (authority) mu myizerere no mu mibereho ya gikrsto (2 Timoteyo 3:16).

Umubare munini bemeza ko ari byo koko, ko Bibiliya yahumetswe n’Imana, maze ikoresha abantu barayandika. Kubera ikoranabuhanga ryari ritaraza habanje  gukoreshwa uburyo bw’ikiganiro (oral transmission),  iterambere rikuze ho gato hakurikiraho kwandikwa, no kwandukurwa (copying). Uko iterambere ry’imyandikire ryakomeje gutera intambwe, hakurikiyeho guhindurwa mu zindi ndimi (translation), no mu gusuzumwa n’Itorero (communal discernment). Uko ibihe byagiye biha ibindi, hagendaga hagira icyiyongeraho kugeza uko tuyifite muri iki gihe.

Mu myemerere y’Itorero, Imana yakoresheje abahanuzi, abanditsi (scribes), intumwa, abasemuzi (translators), n’amatorero mu mico n’indimi zitandukanye, mugukomeza kurinda uyu murage. Reka tugende kimwe kukindi dusobanukirwa uko byakorwaga:

Umurage w’ihererekanywa mu mvugo (Oral Tradition)

Mbere y’uko hagira igice na kimwe cyandikwa, imigenzo yera (sacred traditions) byatambutswaga mu buryo bw’ibiganiro. Mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, mu gihe cya kera (Ancient Near East), gutambutsa amateka mu mvugo byari uburyo bwizewe kandi bufite umurongo (disciplined system). Inkuru z’irema, iza ba sekuruza (abakurambere nka Aburahamu, Isaka, na Yakobo), amasezerano (covenant laws), ibisekuru (genealogies), n’amasezerano y’Imana byafatwaga mu mutwe kandi bigasubirwamo mu miryango no mu materaniro.

Imiterere y’ururimi rw’igiheburayo (Hebrew literary structures) yakoresheje gusubiramo (repetition), injyana (rhythm), no guhuza imirongo (parallelism), muri make byabaga bimeze nk’icyivugo cg umuvugo kugira ngo byorohereze gufata mu mutwe. Ibi ntibyari inkuru zisanzwe; byari ububiko bw’amateka y’umuryango (communal memory) bubitswe neza. Uyu murage ni wo wabaye umusingi w’inyandiko zanditswe nyuma.

Itangira ry’Ibyanditswe mu isi ya kera

Uko uburyo bwo kwandika (writing systems) bwakuraga mu bihugu nka Misiri na Mezopotamiya, imigenzo yera yatangiye kwandikwa. Ibikoresho bya mbere byakoreshwaga harimo ibisate by’amabuye (stone tablets), ibisate by’ibumba (clay tablets), n’inyandiko zacukuwe ku mabuye (inscriptions).

Bibiliya ubwayo ivuga ko Amategeko Cumi y’Imana yanditswe ku bisate by’amabuye (Kuva 31:18). Ibi byari bihuye n’umuco w’icyo gihe. Ihererekanywa nyemvugo ntiryahise risimbuzwa inyandiko; byombi byakoreshejwe umujyo umwe igihe kirekire. Ariko inyandiko zatanze ituze ku banditsi (stability) n’uburambe (durability), kandi zifasha ko ubutumwa bukwira henshi.

Imizingo ya Papirusi (Papyrus Scrolls) n’uruhare rw’abanditsi

Papirusi (papyrus), imisambi yandikwagaho, yakorwaga mu busuna bwo ku ruzi rwa Nili, yorohereje abandikaga inyandiko ndende. Yabaye igikoresho nyamukuru mu kwandika Ibyanditswe kuva mu kinyejana cya kabiri mbere y’ivuka rya Yesu Kristo kugeza mu bihe bya mbere by’ubukristo.

Ibitabo byo mu Isezerano rya Kera (Old Testament) byanditswe cyane mu Giheburayo (Hebrew), ibice bimwe mu cya Aramayi (Aramaic), naho byo mu Isezerano  Rishya (New Testament) byandikwa mu Kigiriki (Koine Greek). Abanditsi (scribes) bandukuzaga intoki inyandiko, kandi bigakorwa mu bwitonzi bukomeye. Umubare munini w’inyandiko zabonetse (manuscripts) ugaragaza ko ubutumwa bwabitswe mu buryo buhamye kandi bwizewe.

Uruhu (Parchment), Codex n’impinduka mu miterere y’igitabo (Transformation of the Book)

Kubera ko iyo mizingo y’ibirago by’ubusuna (papirusi) yangirikaga vuba, haje gukoreshwa uruhu rw’inyamaswa (parchment) n’uruhu rutunganyijwe (vellum). Abanditsi b’Abayahudi bakurikizaga amategeko akomeye mu kwandukura Tora (Torah), bagashyira imbere ukuri n’icyubahiro.

Abakristo ba mbere bazanye impinduka ikomeye bakoresha codex (igitabo gifunze nk’icy’iki gihe) aho gukoresha umuzingo (scroll). Codex yatumye ibitabo byinshi bihuzwa hamwe mu gitabo kimwe. Ibi byagize uruhare rukomeye mu gutuma Bibiliya ibonwa nk’ikusanyirizo rimwe (unified collection) aho kuba imizingo itandukanye.

Igenwa ry’ibitabo  bya Bibiliya byemewe   (Canonization)

Si inyandiko zose za kera zafatwaga nk’Ibyanditswe Byera. Canonization ni inzira yatumye umuryango w’abizera wemera inyandiko zimwe nk’izihumetswe kandi zifite ububasha.

Ibyanditswe by’Abaheburayo (Amategeko, Abahanuzi, n’Inyandiko) byari byemewe cyane n’Abayahudi mbere y’ikinyejana cya kane mbere y’ivuka rya Yesu Kristo. Ibyanditswe bishya byemewe buhoro buhoro hashingiwe ku nkomoko y’intumwa (apostolic origin), ku guhuza inyigisho (doctrinal consistency), ku ikoreshwa mu materaniro, no ku bubasha bw’Umwuka (spiritual authority).

Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya kane nyuma y’ivuka rya Yesu Kristo, inama z’Itorero nka Konsili ya Karitaje (Council of Carthage) zemeje ibitabo 27 bigize Isezerano Rishya ndetse na 39 bigize isezerano ryakera,  gusa Kiliziya Gatolika yemeza 46 harimo n’ibyiswe apocrypha ( tuzabivugaho mu zindi nyandiko).

 Izi nama ntizaremye Ibyanditswe, ahubwo zemeje inyandiko zari zisanzwe zikoreshwa n’amatorero, izindi zikemangwa ireme ryazo zishyirwa ku ruhande.

Ihindurwa mu zindi ndimi n’irondakurikizwa ry’inyandiko

Kubera ko ubukristo bwakwiriye n’ahandi henshi kandi abantu bose batarabashaga kuvuga igiheburayo cyangwa ikigiriki, byabaye ngombwa guhindura Bibiliya mu zindi ndimi. Septuaginta (Septuagint) yahinduye Ibyanditswe by’Abaheburayo mu Kigiriki. Mu kinyejana cya kane, Jerome yahinduye Bibiliya mu Kilatini (Latin Vulgate), iba Bibiliya y’ibanze mu Burengerazuba bw’isi imyaka irenga igihumbi.

Haje no kubaho inyandiko mu ndimi nka Siriya (Syriac), Kopitiki (Coptic), Arumeniya (Armenian), na Ethiopiki (Ethiopic). Mu gihe cy’ubukoloni bwo mu kinyejana cya 5 -15 (Middle Ages), abihayimana b’abamonaki bandukuraga inyandiko mu bigo byabo (monasteries) babyitondeye cyane. Umubare munini w’inyandiko zabonetse uha abashakashatsi icyizere gikomeye ku kwizerwa kw’umuzingo wa Bibiliya.

Uruhare w’icapiro (printing press) mu kwagura Bibiliya

Mu kinyejana cya cumi na gatanu, Johannes Gutenberg yahimbye icapiro (printing press). Gutenberg Bible yabaye mu bitabo bya mbere byacapwe ku mugabane w’u Burayi. Ibi byongereye cyane ukwiyongera no gukwirakwira kwa Bibiliya.

Mu Ivugurura ry’abaporotesitanti (Protestant Reformation), abavugurura nka Martin Luther bashimangiye guhindura Bibiliya mu ndimi z’abaturage kugira ngo buri wese ayisome. Mu 1611, habonetse King James Version, yagize uruhare rukomeye mu muco, inyigisho n’ubuvanganzo bw’isi ivuga icyongereza.

Bibiliya mu bihe bigezweho n’ikoranabuhanga rishya (digital era)

Mu bihe bya none, ubushakashatsi ku bisigaratongo (archaeology) n’isesengura ry’inyandiko (textual criticism) byongereye icyizere ku kwizerwa kwa Bibiliya. Inyandiko zabonetse mu butayu bwa Qumran (Dead Sea Scrolls) zagaragaje ko Ibyanditswe byabitswe neza mu binyejana byinshi. Uyu munsi, Bibiliya yahinduwe mu ndimi ibihumbi. Ikoranabuhanga ryatumye iboneka mu bitabo byanditse, kuri murandasi n’imbuga nkoranyambaga, no muri porogaramu za telefoni. Ibyatangiriye mu ruhererekane nyemvugo byabaye inyandiko iboneka ku isi yose mu buryo butandukanye.

Umwanzuro

Urugendo rwa Bibiliya, kuva ku ruhererekane nyemvugo, ku nyandiko z’imizingo, kuri codex, ku nyandiko zanditswe n’intoki, kugeza ku bitabo byacapwe no ku ikoranabuhanga, ni urugendo rudasanzwe. Ibyo bigaragaza kwitwararika no kubungabunga byakozwe mu binyejana byinshi ndetse n’ukunu Bibiliya ari igitabo kidasanzwe. Ku bizera, aya mateka ashimangira icyizere mu Ijambo ry’Imana. Amagambo yigeze kuvugwa no gufatwa mu mutwe mu bihe bigoye ni yo akomeje guhindura ubuzima n’ukwizera uyu munsi. Amateka ya Bibiliya ni ubuhamya bw’ubudahemuka bw’Imana mu kubungabunga Ijambo ryayo.

Umwanditsi : Moise IRADUKUNDA, Umunyeshuri muri Protestant University of Rwanda (PUR)

Amasoko yifashishijwe

Bruce, F. F. (1988). The canon of Scripture. InterVarsity Press.
https://www.ivpress.com/the-canon-of-scripture

Ehrman, B. D. (2016). The New Testament: A historical introduction to the early Christian writings (6th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Metzger, B. M. (1987). The canon of the New Testament: Its origin, development, and significance. Oxford University Press.

Metzger, B. M. (2005). The text of the New Testament: Its transmission, corruption, and restoration (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Tov, E. (2012). Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible (3rd ed.). Fortress Press.
Walton, J. H., & Sandy, D. (2013). The lost world of Scripture: Ancient literary culture and biblical authority. IVP Academic. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263932161_The_Lost_World_of_Scripture_Ancient_Literary_Culture_and_Biblical_Authority_by_John_H_Walton_and_D_Brent_Sandy_IVP_Academic_2013_ISBN_978-0-8308-4032-8_320_pp_pb_24

Würthwein, E. (1995). The text of the Old Testament. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.