Inkomoko, ibimenyetso n’iterambere ryabyo mu mateka.

Pentateuch ni iki?

Ijambo Pentateuch rikomoka ku magambo y’Ikigiriki penta (“bitanu”) na teuchos (“umuzingo” cyangwa “igitabo”), bityo rikaba risobanura “ibitabo bitanu.” Rikoreshwa ryerekeza ku bitabo bitanu bibanza bya Bibiliya: Itangiriro (Genesis), Kuva (Exodus), Abalewi (Leviticus), Kubara (Numbers), na Gutegeka kwa Kabiri (Deuteronomy). Mu muco w’Abayahudi, ibi bitabo byose hamwe bizwi nka Torah, ijambo risobanura “amategeko” cyangwa “inyigisho” (Sailhamer, 1992).

Mu binyejana byinshi, imigenzo y’Abayahudi n’Abakristo yagiye ihuza Pentateuk  na Mose, imwerekana nk’umuntu w’ingenzi mu kwakira, kwandika no kugeza ku Bisirayeli amategeko n’inkuru z’ingenzi zashingiweho mu kubaka ubuzima bw’ubwoko bw’Imana. Nyamara, ikibazo gitangaje kivuka iyo dusomye inyandiko ubwayo. Mu Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 34:5, haravuga hati: “Nuko Mose umugaragu w’Uwiteka apfira aho mu gihugu cya Mowabu.” Umurongo wa 6 ugakomeza uti: “Nta muntu wamenye aho yahambwe kugeza n’uyu munsi.” None se, Mose yashoboraga ate kwandika inkuru y’urupfu rwe no gushyingurwa kwe?

Iki kibazo ni kimwe mu byatangiriyeho ubushakashatsi bwa none kuri Bibiliya. Bushingiye ku bimenyetso biboneka imbere mu nyandiko ubwayo, abashakashatsi benshi bavuga ko Pentateuk, uko iri mu ishusho yayo ya nyuma, itaba yaranditswe yose na Mose wenyine. Muri iyi nyandiko, turasesengura iki kibazo dushingiye ku bimenyetso bya Bibiliya, ku bushakashatsi bw’amateka, ndetse no ku rugendo rwagutse inyandiko zera zanyuzemo mu isi ya kera.

Ibimenyetso bya Bibiliya bishyigikira uruhare rwa Mose mu kwandika Pentateuk

Hari imirongo myinshi ya Bibiliya ishyigikira imyumvire gakondo, ivuga ko Mose yanditse ibice by’ingenzi bya Pentateuk. Mu Kuva 24:4, haravuga ngo “Mose yandika amagambo yose y’Uwiteka.” Mu Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 31:9, havuga ko Mose yanditse ayo mategeko, akayaha abatambyi.

No mu Isezerano Rishya, Yohana 5:46 ihuza ibyo Mose yanditse n’inyigisho za Yesu, aho Yesu agira ati: “Iyo mwizera Mose nanjye muba munyizeye, kuko ari ibyanjye yanditse”

Iyi mirongo igaragaza ko Mose yagize uruhare rutaziguye mu kwandika no gutambutsa ihishurwa ry’Imana, cyane cyane amategeko yari ishingiro ry’isezerano hagati y’Imana n’Abisirayeli. Nk’umuyobozi w’ingenzi mu mateka no mu mibereho y’idini y’Abisirayeli, birumvikana kuvuga ko Mose yagize uruhare rukomeye mu mategeko, inyigisho n’imigenzo, byaje kuba igice cya Pentateuch (Wenham, 1994).

Ibimenyetso bya Bibiliya bigaragaza ko Mose atariwe wanditse pentateuk  yose nk’uko iri ubu.

Nubwo hariho uwo murage gakondo uhuza Pentateuk na Mose, hari ibice bimwe na bimwe biri muri Pentateuch ubwayo bigaragaza ko Mose atashoboraga kuba yaranditse inyandiko yose uko tuyifite uyu munsi.

Urugero rugaragara cyane ni Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 34:5–6, havuga ngo: “Nuko Mose umugaragu w’Uwiteka apfira aho mu gihugu cya Mowabu. Nta muntu wamenye aho yahambwe kugeza n’uyu munsi”.

Kubera ko umuntu adashobora kwandika inkuru y’urupfu rwe bwite nyuma yo gupfa, iki gice kigomba kuba cyaranditswe n’undi muntu cyangwa cyaratunganyijwe n’undi mwanditsi nyuma y’urupfu rwa Mose. Mu muco gakondo, bamwe bagiye batekereza ko uwo muntu ashobora kuba Yosuwa cyangwa undi mwanditsi wamukurikiye.

Ikindi kandi, imvugo zisubirwamo nka “kugeza n’uyu munsi” zishobora kugaragaza ko umwanditsi yabonaga ibintu byabaye kera, akabivuga ari umuntu uri mu kindi gihe. Ibi bishobora gusobanura ko ibice bimwe byanditswe cyangwa byatunganyijwe nyuma y’igihe ibyo bintu byabereye (Friedman, 1997).

Ubushakashatsi bushingiye kuri bene ibi bimenyetso bwatumye, benshi batangira gushaka ibimenyetso by’ukuntu Pentateuch yaba yaragiye ikorwa mu byiciro bitandukanye. Ibyamenyekanye ni nka Documentary Hypothesis, cyangwa JEPD.

Inyandiko ya Documentary Hypothesis (JEPD)

Documentary Hypothesis ni imwe mu nyigisho zamenyekanye cyane mu bushakashatsi ku ishingwa rya Pentateuk, ikunze kuvugwa mu magambo ahinnye nka JEPD.

Iyi nyigisho ivuga ko Pentateuk  yaraturutse ku masooko ane y’ingenzi yanditswe mu bihe bitandukanye, nyuma akaza guhurizwa hamwe no gutunganywa kugira ngo abe inyandiko imwe ihuriweho (Wellhausen, 1885/2001).

J – Yahwist

J ni inyuguti ihagarariye isoko ryitwa Yahwiste. Iri zina rishingiye ku gukoresha izina ry’Imana Yahweh (Yehova). Iyi soko izwiho uburyo bwo kuvuga inkuru mu buryo burambuye kandi bushushanya ibintu. Muri rusange yagiye ihuzwa n’imigenzo y’Ubwami bw’i buyuda mu majyepfo.

E – Elohist

E ihagarariye Elohiste. Izina rishingiye ku ijambo ry’Igiheburayo Elohimu, na ryo rikaba ari rimwe mu mazina akoreshwa mu kuvuga Imana. Isoko yaryo yagiye ihuzwa n’imigenzo yakomokaga cyane mu Bwami bwa Isirayeli mu majyaruguru.

D – Deuteronomist

D ihagarariye Deuteronomiste, ihuzwa cyane cyane n’igitabo cyo Gutegeka kwa Kabiri (Deuteronomy). Uyu mugenzo ushimangira cyane isezerano (covenant), amategeko, kumvira Imana, no kuba indahemuka ku masezerano yayo.

P – Priestly

P ihagarariye Priestly tradition, cyangwa umuco w’abatambyi. Uyu mugenzo wo wibanda cyane ku mihango y’idini, ibitambo, ibisekuruza, amategeko yo kwera, ubutambyi n’Ubuturo bwera (Tabernacle).

Muri iyi Documentary Hypothesis, izo soko zifatwa nk’inyandiko cyangwa imigenzo yagiye ibaho mu bihe bitandukanye, nyuma igatunganywa (redacted) igahurizwa hamwe mu ishusho ya Pentateuch dufite ubu. Abashakashatsi bamwe, bavuga ko ibyo byabaye cyane cyane hagati y’ikinyejana cya cumi n’icya gatanu mbere ya Yesu Kristo, kandi ko gutunganya inyandiko byakomeje mu gihe cy’Ubunyage bw’i Babuloni cyangwa nyuma yabwo (Baden, 2012).

Nk’uko twabibonye mu nyandiko yacu ibanza ivuga ku rugendo rurerure rwa Bibiliya mu mateka, ubwinshi bw’ibice bigize Pentateuk, uburebure bwabyo, imiterere yabyo itandukanye n’ibitekerezo byimbitse birimo, bituma bigorana kuvuga ko ishusho yayo ya nyuma yakozwe n’umwanditsi umwe gusa mu gihe kimwe.

Urugendo rw’Ihererekanywa rya Bibiliya

Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza uko Pentateuk yagiye ikorwa, tugomba kuyishyira mu mateka yagutse y’ihererekanywa ry’Ibyanditswe. Mu isi ya kera, ibitabo ntibyandikwaga kandi ntibyasohorwaga nk’uko tubibona muri iki gihe.

Ibikoresho byo kwandikaho byari bike ugereranyije n’ibihari muri iki gihe. Ibyo bikoresho byarimo amabuye, ibisate by’ibumba, papirusi (papyrus), n’uruhu rw’inyamaswa (parchment). Kwandika na byo byasabaga ubumenyi bwihariye, kandi abantu bashoboraga kubyandika neza bari bake. Abanditsi b’abahanga (scribes) bagiraga uruhare rukomeye mu kwandika no kubungabunga inyandiko.

Igice kinini cy’imigenzo ya mbere y’Abisirayeli cyabanje kubikwa no gutambutswa mu kanwa mbere y’uko cyandikwa. Mu bihe byakurikiyeho, iyo migenzo yaranditswe, irandukurwa, iratunganywa, ndetse rimwe na rimwe ihuzwa n’indi migenzo n’inyandiko bitewe n’uko abanditsi bakurikiranye. Ayo matsinda y’abanditsi yagize uruhare rukomeye mu kubungabunga inyandiko no gutuma ubutumwa bwazo bukomeza kugera ku bindi bisekuru (Carr, 2011).

Uru rugendo rurerure rushobora gufasha gusobanura impamvu muri Pentateuk dusangamo uburyo butandukanye bwo kwandika, gusubiramo inkuru zimwe, ndetse n’insanganyamatsiko za tewolojiya (theological emphases) zitandukanye. Nanone rugaragaza ukuntu kubungabunga Ibyanditswe mu binyejana byinshi byasabaga umurimo ukomeye kandi usaba ubwitonzi.

Icyo ni cyo gisobanuro cyo kwibaza niba umuntu umwe yabasha kwandika iyo nyandiko, urebye ubwinshi bw’ibitekerezo bya tewolojiya birimo, ubuhanga bw’ubuvanganzo (literary sophistication), n’ibice bitandukanye bigize Pentateuk.

Umwanzuro

Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba Mose yaranditse Pentateuk kiracyari kimwe mu bibazo bigibwaho impaka mu bushakashatsi bwa Bibiliya muri iki gihe. Ni ikibazo gikomeye ku buryo na n’ubu hari abantu benshi batangira gusoma Ibyanditswe byera bavuga ko bagiye gusoma igitabo cya mbere (Itangiriro) cyangwa icya kabiri cya Mose (Kuva).

Bibiliya ubwayo iduha ibimenyetso bishyigikira ko Mose yagize uruhare rw’ibanze mu kwakira, kwandika no gutambutsa Amategeko. Birashoboka kandi ko we ubwe yanditse ibice by’ingenzi byayo. Ariko nanone, ibimenyetso biboneka imbere mu nyandiko ubwayo, cyane cyane inkuru y’urupfu rwa Mose, hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bw’amateka n’ubuvanganzo, bituma abashakashatsi benshi bavuga ko Pentateuk, uko iri mu ishusho yayo ya nyuma ari umusaruro w’inzira ndende yarimo amasoko atandukanye, abanditsi n’abatunganya inyandiko mu bisekuru byinshi.

Bityo rero, twavuga ko Pentateuch atari “iya Mose” mu buryo bwo kuvuga ko ari igitabo Mose yanditse wenyine kuva ku ntangiriro kugeza ku mpera. Yitirirwa Mose kubera uruhare rwe rw’ibanze mu kwakira no gutambutsa Amategeko, ndetse no kuba yaranditse ibice by’ingenzi byayo. Ariko, uko ubushakashatsi bw’amateka n’inyandiko bubigaragaza, Pentateuch yakomeje gukorwa, gutunganywa no guhurizwa hamwe nyuma y’igihe cya Mose, kugeza igeze ku ishusho dufite uyu munsi.

Ibi ntibigomba guhita bifatwa nk’ikintu kigamije gusenya ukwizera. Ahubwo bidufasha gutandukanya uburyo Imana yahishuriye abantu Ijambo ryayo n’uburyo abantu baryanditse, bakandukura, bakabungabunga kandi bagatanga izo nyandiko mu mateka. Kumenya amateka y’Ibyanditswe ntibisobanura ko umuntu ahakana Imana cyangwa agatesha agaciro Bibiliya. Ahubwo bifasha umwizera gusoma Bibiliya afite ubumenyi bwimbitse ku mateka yayo, ku rurimi rwayo, ku muco wayo, no ku buryo yagiye ibungabungwa.

Pentateuch rero ni umurage ukomeye w’amateka, ukwizera n’inyigisho z’ubwoko bw’Imana. Mose afite umwanya w’ibanze muri uwo murage, ariko ishusho ya Pentateuch dufite uyu munsi ntishobora gusobanurwa neza nk’umusaruro w’umwanditsi umwe gusa. Ni inyandiko yanyuze mu rugendo rurerure rw’ihererekanywa, kwandikwa, gukusanywa no gutunganywa, kugeza ubwo yageze ku ishusho yayo ya nyuma.

Umwanditsi: Moise IRADUKUNDA, Umunyeshuri kuri kaminuza ya protestanti Murwanda.

Amasoko:

Baden, J. S. (2012). The composition of the Pentateuch: Renewing the documentary hypothesis. Yale University Press.

Carr, D. M. (2011). The formation of the Hebrew Bible: A new reconstruction. Oxford University Press.

Friedman, R. E. (1997). Who wrote the Bible? HarperCollins.

Sailhamer, J. H. (1992). The Pentateuch as narrative. Zondervan.

Wellhausen, J. (2001). Prolegomena to the history of Israel. Dover Publications. (Original work published 1885).

Wenham, G. J. (1994). Exploring the Old Testament: A guide to the Pentateuch. InterVarsity Press.