Kimwe mu bibazo bikunze guteza impaka, kandi Abakristo benshi bibaza ni iki:

Niba twese twizera Kristo umwe kandi tugahamya ukwizera kumwe kwa Gikristo, kuki Abagatolika n’Abaporotesitanti bakoresha Bibiliya zitandukanye?

Iyo turebye mu buryo bwihuse, itandukaniro risa n’aho ryoroshye: Bibiliya Gatolika irimo ibitabo byinshi kurusha Bibiliya y’Abaporotesitanti. Ariko inyuma y’iryo tandukaniro hari amateka maremare akubiyemo Ubuyahudi, Itorero rya mbere(the early Church), isemurwa rya bibiliya ry’itwa sepuwaginta (Septuagint), ishyirwaho rya kanoni y’Ibyanditswe (biblical canon), Abapadiri b’Itorero (Church Fathers), Ivugururwa ry’Itorero (Reformation) ndetse na konsili y’iterenti (Council of Trent).

Gusa bibiliya zombi ibitabo biri mw’isezerano rishya byose birangana, itandukaniro riri mu Isezerano rya Kera gusa, aho Bibiliya Gatolika ifite ibitabo 46, naho Bibiliya y’Abaporotesitanti ikagira ibitabo 39.

Muri iyi nyandiko, tugiye kugerageza gusubiza bimwe muri ibi bibazo, byagenze bite? Byazanywe nande? nyuma kandi turaza gusobanura impamvu ibitabo bimwe byitwa  deterokanoniko (Deuterocanonical mu muco Gatolika, ariko bikitwa apokirifa( Apocrypha) mu muco w’Abaporotesitanti.

Kanoni y’Ibyanditswe ni iki?

Ijambo kanoni (canon) rikomoka ku ijambo ry’Ikigiriki kanōn, risobanura itegeko, igipimo cyangwa urugero. Mu mikoreshereze ya Gikristo, kanoni y’Ibyanditswe ni urutonde rw’inyandiko zemewe nk’izifite ubutware ku bijyanye n’ukwizera n’imibereho ya Gikristo.

Bityo, igitabo cya kanoni (canonical) ni igitabo umuco runaka wa Gikristo wemera ko kiri mu Byanditswe bifite ubutware. Naho ibitabo bitari muri kanoni (non-canonical) ni ibitashyizwe kuri urwo rutonde. Icyakora, kuba igitabo kitari muri kanoni ntibihita bisobanura ko nta gaciro gifite, cyangwa ko nta kamaro gifite mu mateka.

Ni yo mpamvu ishyirwaho rya kanoni (canonization) rikwiye gusobanurwa nk’inzira y’amateka yo kumenya, kwakira no kwemeza ku mugaragaro inyandiko zifatwa nk’Ibyanditswe bifite ubutware. Si igikorwa kimwe cyabaye umunsi umwe.

Ibyanditswe by’Abayahudi mbere y’Ubukristo

Mbere y’uko Ubukristo bubaho, Ibyanditswe by’Abayahudi byari bisanzwe bikoreshwa kandi bifatwa nk’ibyera. Ariko imbibi z’urwo rutonde zagiye zisobanuka buhoro buhoro, kandi Abayahudi bo mu bihe bya kera ntibabaraga ibitabo byabo byera mu buryo bumwe.

Ahagana mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya mbere, umuhanga mu mateka w’Umuyahudi witwa Josephus yavuze ko hari ibitabo 22 yabonaga ko byaturutse ku Mana (Josephus, Against Apion 1.38). Iyo mibare ihura muri rusange n’ibitabo 24 bya Tanakh y’Abayahudi yaje nyuma, kuko hari ibitabo babaraga hamwe. Urwo rutonde rw’ibitabo 24 rufite mu by’ukuri inyandiko zisa n’izigize ibitabo 39 by’Isezerano rya Kera mu Bibiliya y’Abaporotesitanti, ariko zigabanyijemo mu buryo butandukanye. Urugero, mu muco w’Abayahudi, Abahanuzi Bato Cumi na Babiri babarwa nk’igitabo kimwe; ni na ko Samweli, Abami, Ibyo ku Ngoma na Ezira–Nehemiya, buri cyiciro kibarwa nk’igitabo kimwe.

Icyakora, byaba ari ukwibeshya gutekereza ko inama imwe y’Abayahudi yigeze guterana umunsi umwe ikemeza Bibiliya y’Igiheburayo yose. Ubushakashatsi bwo muri iki gihe bugaragaza ko ishyirwaho rya kanoni y’Abayahudi ryabaye inzira yagiye itera imbere buhoro buhoro, kandi ko no mu gihe Ubukristo bwatangiraga hari hakiri itandukaniro runaka mu bitabo Abayahudi bakoreshaga.

Ibitabo bya Deuterocanonical byaturutse he?

Ibitabo byaje kwitwa Deuterocanonical byaturutse mu isi yagutse y’ubuvanganzo bw’Abayahudi bwo mu gihe cy’Urusengero rwa Kabiri (Second Temple Jewish literature). Ni inyandiko zanditswe mu gihe Urusengero rwa Kabiri rwari rugihagaze i Yerusalemu, kuva mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya gatandatu mbere ya Kristo kugeza rusenywe mu mwaka wa 70 nyuma ya Kristo.

Mu gihe Tanakh yagendaga ifata isura yayo, Abayahudi bo muri Yerusalemu no mu nkengero zayo, ndetse n’abatuye mu bindi bihugu, bayisomaga bafite umwete kandi bakayitekerezaho cyane. Bemeraga ko izo nyandiko zifite ubutware buva ku Mana, bagakomeza kuzisesengura no kuzirikana ibyo zivuga. Uwo mwete wo kubaha Ibyanditswe watumye hazamuka umuvuduko mushya wo kwandika (BibleProject Scholarship Team, 2025).

Ibitabo nka Tobi (Tobit), Yudita (Judith), 1 na 2 abamakabe (Maccabees), Ubwenge bwa Salomo (Wisdom of Solomon) na Siraki (Sirach) biri muri ubwo buvanganzo, hamwe n’izindi nyandiko nyinshi z’Abayahudi. Abanditsi babyo bari barinjiye cyane mu Byanditswe byari bisanzweho: bakabisobanura, bakabyagura, bakabisubiramo, bakabitekerezaho ndetse bakaniyerekezaho, k’ubutumwa Imana yabaga yabahaye. Bamwe bakoresheje uburyo bushya bwo kwandika bwari bwaratewe ingaruka n’umuco w’Abagiriki n’Abaroma; abandi bagerageje gukurikiza cyane imyandikire y’Ibyanditswe bya kera.

Ibi bitabo ntibyanditswe byose mu rurimi rumwe. Bimwe byanditswe mu Giheburayo, ibindi mu Cyarameniya, ibindi byandikwa mu Kigiriki. Urugero, igitabo cy’Ubwenge bwa Salomo n’icya 2 abamakabe byombi byanditswe mu Kigiriki, naho icya Siraki cyanditswe mu Giheburayo na Yeshua ben Eleazar ben Sira, hanyuma umwuzukuru w’umwanditsi wacyo agisemura mu Kigiriki.

Ni yo mpamvu bidakwiye kuvuga, mu buryo bwa tekiniki, ko ibitabo bya Deuterocanonical “byanditswe muri Seputuaginta”.

Aha ni ukuvuga, mubusemuzi bwa septuaginta birimo, ariko muburyo bw’umwimerere, ibi bitabo byari byanditse mundimi zigiye zitandukanye.

Septuaginta ni ubusemuzi bw’Ibyanditswe by’Igiheburayo mu Kigiriki, hamwe n’imigenzo y’inyandiko zabwo. Bwatangijwe n’Abayahudi bo muri Alegizandiriya ahagana mu kinyejana cya gatatu mbere ya Kristo. Septuaginta yaje kuba Bibiliya y’Abayahudi bavuga Ikigiriki, nyuma iza gukoreshwa cyane n’Abakristo ba mbere.

Byinshi muri ibi bitabo byaje kwinjira mu byegeranyo by’Ibyanditswe by’Ikigiriki, hanyuma no mu by’Abakristo. Icyakora, ni ngombwa kumenya ko Septuaginta itigeze iba urutonde rumwe rudahinduka nk’uko tubibona muri Bibiliya zicapye z’iki gihe. Inyandiko za kera z’Ikigiriki n’imigenzo itandukanye y’Abakristo byarimo ibitabo bitandukanye ku rugero runaka.

Kuki Abayahudi batabishyize muri kanoni yabo?

Muri icyo gihe, urutonde rw’ibitabo by’Abayahudi rwari rukiri mu nzira yo gufata isura ihamye, kandi Abayahudi bari baratataniye mu bihugu byinshi (Diaspora) bemeraga inyandiko zitandukanye. Bamwe bakoreshaga ibitabo nka 1 na 2 abamakabe, bivuga ku rugamba rw’Abayahudi barwanaga n’ubutegetsi bw’Abagiriki. Ariko nyuma y’isenywa ry’Urusengero rwa Kabiri mu mwaka wa 70 nyuma ya Kristo, Ubuyahudi bwayobowe n’abarabu bwatangiye gushyira ku murongo urutonde rw’ibitabo byabwo, maze izo nyandiko z’Ikigiriki ntizashyirwa muri kanoni y’Abayahudi (Marina,2024).

Impamvu zabyo ntizari imwe gusa, kandi zari zigoye. Umushakashatsi Alison Salvesen avuga ko zishobora kuba zirimo kuba ibyo bitabo byaranditswe mu bihe byaje nyuma, kuba nta nyandiko y’umwimerere izwi yanditswe mu rurimi rwa Semitiki (Semitic), ndetse n’ibivuguruzanya bigaragara mu mateka cyangwa mu mategeko byabonwaga muri byo (Salvesen & Law, 2021).

Josephus na we yemeraga ko ibitabo byanditswe n’abahanuzi ari byo byonyine bikwiye kujya muri kanoni yera. Ibitabo bya Deuterocanonical, byinshi muri byo byanditswe mu Kigiriki, ntibyari byujuje icyo gipimo cy’ubuhanuzi. Nta nubwo byari bihuje n’ibyo Abafarisayo bashimangiraga, ari byo gukoresha inyandiko zanditswe mu Giheburayo.

Abakristo ba mbere, cyane cyane abavugaga Ikigiriki, bo bakoreshaga Septuaginta nk’Ibyanditswe byabo, kandi bakomeje gusoma ibi bitabo. Ku bayobozi benshi b’Itorero, ikibazo cy’ingenzi ntabwo cyari ururimi igitabo cyanditswemo, ahubwo cyari ukumenya niba gifite ubutware mu nyigisho z’ukwizera (doctrine) no mu gusomwa mu ruhame mu materaniro (Salvesen & Law, 2021).

Kuki byitwa Deuterocanonical cyangwa Apocrypha?

Ijambo Deuterocanonical rikomoka ku magambo y’Ikigiriki deutero, risobanura “ikinu cya kabiri”, na kanōn, risobanura “itegeko” cyangwa “kanoni”. Mu magambo y’Abagatolika, ryerekeza ku bitabo byemejwe nka kanoni mu cyiciro cyaje nyuma, cyangwa byigeze kugibwaho impaka mu mateka y’Itorero. Ibi ntibisobanura ko Abagatolika babifata nk’Ibyanditswe “bya kabiri mu gaciro”.

Mu migenzo y’Abaporotesitanti, ibi bitabo bikunze kwitwa Apocrypha, ijambo rikomoka ku Kigiriki apokryphos, risobanura “ibihishwe” cyangwa “ibitazwi neza”. Mu mikoreshereze y’Abaporotesitanti yaje nyuma, iryo jambo ryaje gukoreshwa ku nyandiko zafatwaga nk’izifite akamaro ariko zitari muri kanoni y’ Isezerano rya Kera.

Aya mazina rero agaragaza itandukaniro rikomeye mu bijyanye n’ubutware. Mu muco Gatolika, ibi bitabo byitwa ibya kanoni kandi bifatwa nk’Ibyanditswe byera; mu migenzo myinshi y’Abaporotesitanti byitwa Apocrypha kandi ntibifatwa nk’ibigize kanoni y’Isezerano rya Kera.  

Itorero rya mbere n’ikibazo cya kanoni

Amateka y’ishyirwaho rya kanoni ya Gikristo yagiye akura buhoro buhoro. Rumwe mu ntonde za mbere zakozwe rw’ibitabo by’Isezerano rya Kera rwarokotse mu nyandiko z’abakristo rufitanye isano na Melito wa Sardis, ahagana mu mwaka wa 170 nyuma ya Kristo. Urutonde rwe ahanini rukurikiza imiterere y’Isezerano rya Kera ry’Igiheburayo, kandi ntirurimo byinshi mu bitabo byaje kwitwa Deuterocanonical. Ibi bigaragaza ko nibura bamwe mu Bakristo ba mbere bari bamaze kwibaza bati: “Ni ibihe bitabo by’Abayahudi bigize Isezerano rya Kera?”

Ku birebana n’Isezerano Rishya, intambwe y’ingenzi ni Ibaruwa ya Pasika (Festal Letter) ya Athanasius yo mu mwaka wa 367 nyuma ya Kristo. Ni rwo rutonde rwa mbere rwarokotse ruhuye neza n’ibitabo 27 bigize Isezerano Rishya dufite uyu munsi. Athanasius kandi yatandukanyaga ibindi bitabo, birimo Ubwenge, Siraki, Yudita na Tobi, akabitandukanya n’ibitabo yabonaga ko biri muri kanoni nyakuri, ariko agasaba Abakristo kubisoma no kubyigiraho (Athanasius, Festal Letter 39).

Bityo, ibintu byari bigoye kurusha uko twabyibwira, kuko bitari impaka zoroshye hagati y’Abagatolika n’Abaporotesitanti. Abayobozi b’Itorero batandukanye rimwe na rimwe bahaga ibitabo bitandukanye urwego rutandukanye rw’ubutware.

Mutagatifu Jerome n’urutonde rw’Igiheburayo

Umuntu ufite uruhare rukomeye kuri iyi ngingo  ni Mutagatifu Jerome, umwe mu bahanga bakomeye b’Ibyanditswe bo mu mpera z’ibihe bya kera (late antiquity).

Jerome ni we wagize uruhare runini mu busemuzi   bw’Ibyanditswe byera mu Kilatini bwaje kwitwa Vulgate( ni ukuvuga ubusemuzi bwa bibiliya buva mugiheburayo bujya mukilatini).

Mu byo yahinduye mu Isezerano rya Kera, yagiye arushaho gushingira ku Giheburayo, icyo yise Hebraica veritas, tugenekereje ni ukuvuga “ukuri kw’Igiheburayo”, nubwo imigenzo y’Ikilatini yakomeje kubamo ibice byari byaraturutse ku busemuzi bwa kera no ku migenzo y’Ikigiriki (Kamesar, 2023).

Mu nyandiko ye izwi cyane yitwa Prologus Galeatus,(Helmeted Prologue), Jerome yakurikije kanoni y’Igiheburayo, maze avuga ko ibitabo nka Ubwenge, Siraki, Yudita na Tobi bitari muri yo. Mu ntangiriro yanditse ku bitabo bifitanye isano na Salomo, yavuze kandi ko Itorero rishobora gusoma Yudita, Tobi n’Abamakabe kugira ngo abantu bigishwe kandi bubakwe, ariko ko bidakwiye gukoreshwa nk’ishingiro rifite ubutware ryo gushyiraho inyigisho n’amahame  yo kwemera (Jerome, Prologus Galeatus).

Nubwo Jerome yari ari kuri urwo ruhande, Vulgate yakomeje kubamo ibyo bitabo, kandi byakomeje kuboneka muri Bibiliya z’Abakristo bo mu Burengerazuba mu gihe cy’imyaka irenga igihumbi. Imyumvire ya Jerome kandi yagize uruhare runini cyane, cyane cyane mu gihe cy’Ivugurura ry’Itorero.

Ese hari Abakristo ba mbere bemeraga ibitabo bya Deuterocanonical?

Yego. Imyumvire ya Jerome ntiyari yo yonyine mu Bukristo bwa mbere. Augustine, urugero, yashyize Tobi, Yudita, Abamakabe, Ubwenge na Siraki mu bitabo yabonaga ko bifite ubutware (Augustine, On Christian Doctrine, Book II).

Mu buryo nk’ubwo, Sinodi y’i Hippo yo mu mwaka wa 393 n’Inama z’i Carthage zo mu myaka ya 397 na 419 nyuma ya Kristo zihagarariye umuco w’Abakristo bo muri Afurika y’Amajyaruguru wemeraga urutonde rwagutse rw’Isezerano rya Kera, rwarimo ibyo bitabo nyine.

Icyo twavuga ni uko  ibitabo bya Deuterocanonical bitahimbwe na Kiliziya Gatolika mu gihe cy’Ivugurura ryo mu kinyejana cya cumi na gatandatu.  Ahubwo byari bisanzwe biri mu migenzo imwe n’imwe ya kera y’Abakristo, nubwo ubutware (autority) cg ubuziranenge bwabyo bwari bwaragiye bugibwaho impaka.

Kuki Martin Luther atabihaye urwego rwa kanoni?

Ivugurura ry’Abaporotesitanti ritangizwa mu mwaka wa 1517, ubwo Martin Luther yatangiraga kwamagana bimwe mu bikorwa byariho mu Itorero rya kiliziya Gatolika muri icyo gihe, bikaba imbarutso ikomeye y’ivugurura.

Luther kubera gukurikirana Jerome cyane, yatewe umuhate, n’itandukaniro  yashyize hagati y’ibitabo bya kanoni by’Igiheburayo n’izindi nyandiko z’Itorero, kandi n’ihame ry’Ivugurura rishimangira ko Ibyanditswe ari byo bigomba kugira ubutware busumba ibindi mu gushyiraho inyigisho z’ukwizera. Ni yo mpamvu yemeye ibitabo 39 by’Isezerano rya Kera, bihuye neza neza ni bya Tanakh y’Abayahudi, nubwo bigabanyijemo mu buryo butandukanye.

Luther ntiyahise asiba burundu ibitabo bya Deuterocanonical muri Bibiliya. Muri Bibiliya ye yuzuye y’Ikidage yo mu 1534, yabishyize mu gice cyihariye yise Apocrypha, avuga ko bidahwanye n’Ibyanditswe byera, ariko ko ari ibitabo byiza kandi bifite akamaro mukubisoma (Croghan, 2009).

Uruhare rw’igitabo cya 2 Abamakabe cyagize uruhare rukomeye?

Impaka zarushijeho gukara kubera 2 abamakabe 12:43–45. Uwo murongo uvuga ko Yuda makabe yasabiraga abapfuye, kandi icyo gikorwa kigahuzwa no kubakorera impongano y’ibyaha byabo. Icyo gice cyabaye ingirakamaro mu nyigisho za kiliziya Gatolika zo gusengera abapfuye, no mu mpaka nini zerekeye Purigatori (purgatory).

(43Yuda asaba imfashanyo mu ngabo ze, abona ibikoroto by'ifeza bigera ku bihumbi bibiri abyohereza i Yeruzalemu, kugira ngo bahatambire igitambo cyo guhongerera icyo cyaha. Bityo aba akoze igikorwa cyiza cyane kandi gikwiye gushimwa, agaragaza atyo ko yemera ibyerekeye izuka ry'abapfuye. 44 Koko rero iyo aba atizeye ko abo basirikare bapfuye bazazuka, gusabira abapfuye nta cyo byari kuba bimaze, ndetse byajyaga kuba ari ubucucu. 45 Byongeye kandi Yuda yari azi neza ko hari ingororano itagira uko isa, yateganyirijwe abantu bapfuye batarigeze bateshuka ku Mana. Icyo cyizere kiratunganye kandi ni cyo gikwiye kuranga umuntu wese wubaha Imana. Ni cyo cyatumye atambira abapfuye icyo gitambo, kugira ngo bababarirwe kandi bahanagurweho ibyaha byabo)

Mu mpaka z’i Leipzig (Leipzig Debate) zo mu 1519, Johann Eck yifashishije 2 Abamakabe, maze Luther asubiza avuga ko icyo gitabo kidafite ubutware bwa kanoni bungana n’ubw’Ibyanditswe.  Tuzabivugaho munyandiko zubutaha.

Kuki Kiliziya Gatolika yabyemeje ku mugaragaro nk’ibigize kanoni?

Mu gusubiza impaka zikomeye zari zaravutse mu gihe cy’Ivugurura, konsili y’i Terenti (Council of Trent) yo mu mwaka wa 1546 yashyize ku mugaragaro urutonde rwa kanoni y’Ibyanditswe rwemerwa na Kiliziya Gatolika (Council of Trent, 1546). Terenti yemeje mu buryo bweruye ibi bikurikira nk’Ibyanditswe byera bigize kanoni:

•        Tobi

•        Yudita

•        Ubwenge

•        Mwene Siraki

•        Baruki

•        Icya mbere cy’Abamakabe n’icya kabiri cy’Abamakabe

•        Ibice by’inyongera by’Ikigiriki ku gitabo cya Esiteri no ku cya Daniyeli.

Ese Yesu yaba yarajyaga asubiramo ibitabo bya Deuterocanonical?

 Ivanjili ntaho igaragaza Yesu avuga yeruye  igitabo cya Deuterocanonical akoresheje amagambo nka “Handitswe ngo” cyangwa “Ibyanditswe bivuga ngo”. Ayo magambo ayakoresha ku Byanditswe by’Abayahudi (Matayo 4:4, 4:7, 4:10; Yohana 7:38; Matayo 15:4), kandi intumwa na zo zikoresha imvugo nk’iyo (1 Petero 2:6; Abagalatiya 4:30). Rimwe na rimwe zivuga amazina y’abanditsi b’abantu, nka Mose cyangwa Dawidi (Yohana 5:46; Ibyakozwe 2:25). Ahandi zerekana ko ari Umwuka Wera uvuga akoresheje abanditsi b’abantu (Ibyakozwe 4:25), naho Abaheburayo 3:7 na 4:7 bishyira Zaburi ya 95 kuri Dawidi no ku Mwuka Wera.

Bityo, Yesu n’intumwa basangiraga n’abandi Bayahudi b’abizera bo mu gihe cyabo imyemerere y’uko Amategeko (Torah), Abahanuzi n’Inyandiko (Ketuvim) ari ijambo ry’Imana ryahawe Isirayeli (BibleProject Scholarship Team, 2025).

Ubushakashatsi bwo muri iki gihe ku buryo ibitabo bya Deuterocanonical byakiriwe, burimo n’ubwa Edmon Gallagher bwatangajwe na Oxford University Press, bugaragaza ko mu Isezerano Rishya nta magambo avugwa mu buryo bweruye (quotations) akomoka muri ibyo bitabo, nk’uko bimeze ku Byanditswe by’Abayahudi biboneka kenshi mu Isezerano Rishya (Gallagher, 2025b).

Icyakora, Isezerano Rishya rigaragaza ko abanditsi baryo bari bazi ubuvanganzo bw’Abayahudi bwo mu gihe cy’Urusengero rwa Kabiri. Amwe mu magambo ya Yesu afite aho ahuriye na Siraki na Tobi. Abaheburayo 11:35 hasa n’aho herekeza ku nkuru z’abahowe Imana ziboneka mu gitabo cya 2 cy’abamakabe 7, naho Pawulo asa n’usubiramo bimwe mu bitekerezo biboneka mu Bwenge bwa Salomo.

Iri tandukaniro ni ingenzi: kuba igitabo cyarakoreshejwe cyangwa cyarasubiwemo mu nyandiko ntibihita bisobanura ko cyafatwaga nk’Ibyanditswe bya kanoni. Isezerano Rishya ubwaryo ritanga urugero rw’ibi. Yuda 14–15 isubiramo amagambo yo mu gitabo cya 1 Henoki (1 Enoch), nyamara icyo gitabo ntikiri muri kanoni y’Isezerano rya Kera y’Abagatolika cyangwa y’Abaporotesitanti. Icyakora kiri mu rutonde rwagutse rw’Ibyanditswe by’Itorero rya Orutodogisi rya Etiyopiya rya Tewahedo (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church), nk’uko tuzabibona mu nyandiko ikurikira.

Tuvuge iki kuri 2 Timoteyo 3:16?

Hari amagambo agira ati “Ibyanditswe byose byahumetswe n’Imana” (2 Timoteyo 3:16) agaragaza ko ibitabo bya Deuterocanonical na byo bigomba gufatwa nk’ibyahumetswe. Uyu murongo koko wigisha inyigisho ikomeye ku nkomoko  y’Ibyanditswe  byera no ku kamaro kabyo. Ariko ntukwiye gukoreshwa nk’ikimenyetso cyoroshye cy’uko ibitabo bya Deuterocanonical byari biri muri kanoni yari izwi na Pawulo cyangwa Timoteyo.

Umurongo ubanziriza uwo uvuga ko Timoteyo yari azi “Ibyanditswe byera” kuva akiri umwana. Mu mateka y’icyo gihe, ibi bishobora kuvuga cyane cyane Ibyanditswe by’Abayahudi yari yarigishijwe. Ku bw’ibyo, 2 Timoteyo 3:16 yonyine ntishobora gukemura impaka zaje nyuma hagati y’Abagatolika n’Abaporotesitanti ku birebana na kanoni y’Isezerano rya Kera. Tuzagenda tubivugaho munyandiko z’ubutaha.

Ese Abakristo bakwiye gusoma Apocrypha?

Yego. Abakristo bashobora gusoma ibi bitabo kandi baranabisoma, nubwo urwego rw’ubutware bwabyo mu bijyanye na tewolojiya rutandukana bitewe n’umuco w’Itorero.

Ku Bagatolika, ibitabo bya Deuterocanonical ni igice cy’Isezerano rya Kera ryahumetswe n’Imana, bityo bisomwa nk’Ibyanditswe. Kiliziya Gatolika yemera ku mugaragaro ibitabo 46 by’Isezerano rya Kera n’ibitabo 27 by’Isezerano Rishya (Catechism of the Catholic Church, §120).

Ku Baporotesitanti, cyane cyane mu migenzo ya Reformed ishingira ku myemerere yanditswe (confessional), ibi bitabo ntibifatwa nk’ibigize kanoni yahumetswe, bityo ntibikoreshwa mu gushyiraho inyigisho z’ukwizera. Westminster Confession of Faith ibitandukanya mu buryo bweruye n’Ibyanditswe bya kanoni. (Westminster Confession of Faith, 1.3). Nyamara, bifite akamaro kanini mu gusobanukirwa Ubuyahudi bwo mu gihe cy’Urusengero rwa Kabiri, amateka yaranze igihe cy’Isezerano Rishya, imyemerere y’Abayahudi ku izuka no ku bahowe Imana, ndetse n’iterambere rya tewolojiya ya Gikristo ya mbere. Luther na we ubwe yabonaga ko Apocrypha ari ibitabo byiza kandi bikwiye gusomwa.

Kutemera igitabo nk’icyo muri kanoni ntibisobanura ko ugomba kucyita igitabo kidafite agaciro mu mateka.

None se kuki Abagatolika n’Abaporotesitanti bafite Bibiliya zitandukanye?

Ubu dushobora kubivuga mu ncamake. Imigenzo Gatolika n’iy’Abaporotesitanti yarazwe kandi yubakiye ku buryo butandukanye bwo kwakira kanoni y’Isezerano rya Kera.

Umuco w’Abaporotesitanti muri rusange ukurikiza Isezerano rya Kera ry’ibitabo 39, bihuye mu by’ingenzi n’ibitabo 24 bya Tanakh y’Abayahudi, ugashyira ibitabo byagibwagaho impaka hanze ya kanoni y’Isezerano rya Kera.

Umuco Gatolika wo wemera ibitabo 7 bya Deuterocanonical, hamwe n’ibice by’inyongera ku gitabo cya Esiteri no ku cya Daniyeli, nk’igice cy’Isezerano rya Kera ryahumetswe n’Imana. Iyi myumvire yemejwe ku mugaragaro n’Inama y’i Trent, nubwo ibi bitabo byari bisanzwe biboneka mu migenzo imwe n’imwe ya kera ya Gikristo.

Itandukaniro rero ntirisobanura ko Abagatolika n’Abaporotesitanti basenga Kristo utandukanye, cyangwa ko bafite intego zitandukanye rwose. Rishingiye ku mateka no ku myemerere itandukanye ku birebana n’imbibi n’ubutware bwa kanoni y’Isezerano rya Kera.

Bibiliya zombi mu ncamake

Bibiliya zimwe z’Abaporotesitanti zicapa Apocrypha mu gice cyihariye hagati y’Isezerano rya Kera n’Isezerano Rishya, ariko ntizifata ko igize kanoni.

Umwanzuro

Amateka ya Bibiliya si amateka y’umuntu umwe wigeze kwicara agahitamo ibitabo bigomba kuba Ibyanditswe. Ni amateka maremare akubiyemo Ibyanditswe by’Abayahudi, ubuvanganzo bw’Abayahudi bwo mu gihe cy’Urusengero rwa Kabiri, uburyo Abakristo babwakiriye, impaka, imikoreshereze yabyo mu materaniro, gutekereza kuri tewolojiya, no kwemezwa ku mugaragaro n’ubuyobozi bw’Itorero.

Ibitabo bya Deuterocanonical byaturutse mu isi y’Ubuyahudi bwa kera, maze biba igice cy’umurage w’Ibyanditswe ku Bakristo benshi. Bamwe mu bayobozi b’Itorero rya mbere, nka Augustine, babyemeye nk’ibifite ubutware, mu gihe abandi nka Jerome na Athanasius babitandukanyaga na kanoni nyakuri, nubwo bemeraga ko bifite akamaro mu kwigisha Abakristo.

Mu gihe cy’Ivugurura, Luther yakurikije kanoni ishingiye cyane ku Giheburayo, ashyira ibyo bitabo mu gice cyihariye cyitwa Apocrypha. Mu gusubiza, Inama y’i Trent yashimangiye ku mugaragaro ko ibyo bitabo ari Ibyanditswe byera bigize kanoni mu muco Gatolika.

Bityo, Bibiliya y’Abagatolika n’iy’Abaporotesitanti zitandukanye bitewe n’imigenzo itandukanye yo kwakira no kwemeza ubutware bwa kanoni. Si uko uruhande rumwe rufite “Bibiliya nyakuri” urundi rukagira Bibiliya itandukanye rwose. Kandi ikibitandukanya si ukutumvikana mu kuvuga Kristo, ahubwo ni ikibazo cyerekeye imbibi z’Isezerano rya Kera.

Biracyaza ...

Mu nyandiko izakurikira tuzavuga ku matorero ya Orutodogisi y’iburasirazuba (Eastern Orthodox), ndetse n’Itorero rya Orutodogisi rya Etiyopiya rya Tewahedo rifite Bibiliya yanditswe mu rurimi rwa Ge’ez, afite ibyegeranyo by’ibyanditswe byagutse kandi bigoye kurushaho. Niba isi ya Gikristo ya kera itaragiraga buri gihe urutonde rumwe rw’ibitabo, amatorero atandukanye yemeje ate inyandiko zigomba gufatwa nk’Ibyanditswe Byera?

Ibitabo n’inyandiko byifashishijwe

Athanasius of Alexandria. (AD 367). Festal Letter 39. Itanga urutonde rw’ibitabo 27 by’Isezerano Rishya kandi igatandukanya ibindi bitabo na kanoni nyakuri.

Augustine. On Christian Doctrine, Book II. Ashyira Tobiti, Yudita, Makabe, Ubwenge na Siraki mu bitabo bifite ubutware.

BibleProject Scholarship Team. (2025, June 2). Why the Deuterocanon / Apocrypha is in some Bibles and not others. BibleProject. https://bibleproject.com/articles/why-deuterocanon-apocrypha-some-bibles-and-not-others/

Catechism of the Catholic Church. §120.

Council of Trent. (1546). Session IV, Decree Concerning the Canonical Scriptures.

Croghan, C. M. (2009). Grist for the mill: Luther on the Apocrypha. Word & World, 29(4), 389–396.

Gallagher, E. L. (2025a). The Apocrypha through history: The canonical reception of the Deuterocanonical literature. Oxford University Press.

Gallagher, E. L. (2025b). The Apocrypha in the New Testament. In The Apocrypha through history (pp. 51–82). Oxford University Press.

Jerome. Prologus Galeatus and prefaces to the biblical books. Atandukanya ibitabo bya kanoni by’Igiheburayo n’inyandiko nka Ubwenge, Siraki, Yudita, Tobiti na Makabe.

Josephus. Against Apion, 1.38. Avuga ibitabo 22 byafatwaga nk’ibituruka ku Mana.

Kamesar, A. (2023). Jerome and the Hebrew Scriptures. In The Oxford handbook of the Latin Bible. Oxford University Press.

Marina, M. (2024, November 2). Deuterocanonical books: Number and why they were removed from the Bible. Bart Ehrman. https://www.bartehrman.com/deuterocanonical-books/ (Icyitonderwa: iyi nyandiko yanditswe na Marko Marina, Ph.D., kandi urubuga ruvuga ko ibitekerezo biruriho bitagaragaza ko ari ibya Bart Ehrman ubwe.)

Salvesen, A. G., & Law, T. M. (Eds.). (2021). The Oxford handbook of the Septuagint. Oxford University Press.

Westminster Confession of Faith. (1646). Chapter 1, Of the Holy Scripture.